When it comes to Linux, mainly everything is made as a file. This means images, text files, and executables as programs are compiled. This can also include device drivers for the hardware, partitions, and directories, to be listed in a file system. When you open the Linux file system there always is a main link that is associated with a part of the file system, and this is where the information is stored in the file setting. This keeps the info in order, and also it makes it easier to find and select what is needed. The file systems have a control block, and this is where the information for their file system is stored. Other blocks that are in the file system, are known as ionodes, and these contain the individual file information and blocks of data, that have certain information that is stored in individual files. Users see the Linux file system differently, and the kernel, which is the core differently also. The file system for the users is seen as a hierarchical of directories that are arranged in order that have directories that are arranged in order that have directories and other files within them, like subdirectories. Files and directories are known by the names that they have. The (root) is where the hierarchy starts and this always begins with a "/", known as a forward slash. It's the meaning of the "/" and the root that keep the users confused. Each sign is known to have different use. The root has another meaning, and this is for the user with the privileges that are administrative on the PC with the uses that are ordinarily in contrast to the answer with the privileges that are limited, that help to protect files security. The "/", has another use and this is to separate different directories or directories in between each other or a file.

With the Linux kernel, the file system is known to be flat. This means it does not differ between programs, files and directories, nor does it identify files by their name. Ionodes are used to represent each file such as a computer or disk. An ionode is an entry within the list of ionodes, known as the ionode list.

Each permission has a different meaning when it comes to the file directory. Having read access allows to you read the file, and in a directory it lets you see the files contents of the directory using the ls command. With write permissions, this allows you to rewrite or write a file, and with the directory this gives the users write access and allows the adding and removal of files. Permissions to execute files give the user access to execute the script in a program, and in the directory, the gives the access to the directory to execute. In order to set file permission you need the CHMOS command: CHMOD {mode} {file-name}. This is how the permissions are set up in Linux.

Patching occurs within the operating system, when the system has problems and doesn't function correctly. When defects in the media, file system, email, image viewing, IM messaging, and sound files are corrupt or having problems patching occurs. This could compromise the security of the file system letting malware into the system and not patching the areas that are needed to be patched. So, downloading patches for the operating system will stop this from happening. Most companies release patches, but not all of them, so it's good to check for them when problems occur especially when malware is present.

Ubuntu kernel patching, takes place in order to build Debian package. Linux will always be known to be carried as delta. The changes take place for the Debian/ and the debian. The / are known to be directories in the Ubuntu tree, and have the annotation "UBUNTU", this is shown when you check the commit logs in the kernel.

Ubuntu utility patching, occurs when you want to edit and use by your requirements, this means to change how you can utilize the system. The patches can be downloaded with the patch downloader utility. They usually come from 3rd party websites. This is used to build the configuration of the file within the utility that will allow the user to use the utility with a different configuration setting.

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Created on January 17, 2016 by Lionel Sharpe (student) || Professor Daniel Goodman at 5:51 PM